diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwclass/creature.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwclass/creature.cpp
index 5744ebb9b..99b83a5ac 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwclass/creature.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwclass/creature.cpp
@@ -837,8 +837,7 @@ namespace MWClass
                     ptr.getRefData().setCount(1);
 
                 // Reset to original position
-                ESM::Position& pos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition();
-                pos = ptr.getCellRef().getPosition();
+                ptr.getRefData().setPosition(ptr.getCellRef().getPosition());
 
                 ptr.getRefData().setCustomData(NULL);
             }
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwclass/npc.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwclass/npc.cpp
index 5ec192ab2..6d5ff9f7f 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwclass/npc.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwclass/npc.cpp
@@ -1325,8 +1325,7 @@ namespace MWClass
                     ptr.getRefData().setCount(1);
 
                 // Reset to original position
-                ESM::Position& pos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition();
-                pos = ptr.getCellRef().getPosition();
+                ptr.getRefData().setPosition(ptr.getCellRef().getPosition());
 
                 ptr.getRefData().setCustomData(NULL);
             }
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/aisequence.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/aisequence.cpp
index 85e56af8b..05723c575 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/aisequence.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/aisequence.cpp
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ bool AiSequence::canAddTarget(const ESM::Position& actorPos, float distToTarget)
             else
             {
                 // add new target only if current target (player) is farther
-                ESM::Position &targetPos = combat->getTarget().getRefData().getPosition();
+                const ESM::Position &targetPos = combat->getTarget().getRefData().getPosition();
 
                 float distToCurrTarget = (Ogre::Vector3(targetPos.pos) - Ogre::Vector3(actorPos.pos)).length();
                 return (distToCurrTarget > distToTarget);
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void AiSequence::execute (const MWWorld::Ptr& actor,float duration)
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        ESM::Position &targetPos = target.getRefData().getPosition();
+                        const ESM::Position &targetPos = target.getRefData().getPosition();
 
                         float distTo = (Ogre::Vector3(targetPos.pos) - vActorPos).length();
                         if (distTo < nearestDist)
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/pathgrid.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/pathgrid.cpp
index c3fa0a662..4983a4a4f 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/pathgrid.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwmechanics/pathgrid.cpp
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ namespace MWMechanics
         if(!cell)
             return false;
 
+        if(mIsGraphConstructed)
+            return true;
+
         mCell = cell;
         mIsExterior = cell->isExterior();
         mPathgrid = MWBase::Environment::get().getWorld()->getStore().get<ESM::Pathgrid>().search(*cell);
@@ -107,8 +110,6 @@ namespace MWMechanics
         if(!mPathgrid)
             return false;
 
-        if(mIsGraphConstructed)
-            return true;
 
         mGraph.resize(mPathgrid->mPoints.size());
         for(int i = 0; i < static_cast<int> (mPathgrid->mEdges.size()); i++)
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwrender/ripplesimulation.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwrender/ripplesimulation.cpp
index 74216c1de..64b5e48c3 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwrender/ripplesimulation.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwrender/ripplesimulation.cpp
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ void RippleSimulation::addImpulses()
             // for non-player actors this is done in updateObjectCell
             it->mPtr = MWBase::Environment::get().getWorld ()->getPlayerPtr();
         }
-        float* _currentPos = it->mPtr.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+        const float* _currentPos = it->mPtr.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
         Ogre::Vector3 currentPos (_currentPos[0], _currentPos[1], _currentPos[2]);
 
         if ( (currentPos - it->mLastEmitPosition).length() > 2
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwscript/transformationextensions.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwscript/transformationextensions.cpp
index a944a31b8..138326ff0 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwscript/transformationextensions.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwscript/transformationextensions.cpp
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ namespace MWScript
                     Interpreter::Type_Float rotation = (runtime[0].mFloat*MWBase::Environment::get().getFrameDuration());
                     runtime.pop();
 
-                    float *objRot = ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot;
+                    const float *objRot = ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot;
 
                     float ax = Ogre::Radian(objRot[0]).valueDegrees();
                     float ay = Ogre::Radian(objRot[1]).valueDegrees();
@@ -613,9 +613,12 @@ namespace MWScript
                     if (!ptr.isInCell())
                         return;
 
-                    ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[0] = 0;
-                    ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[1] = 0;
-                    ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[2] = 0;
+                    MWWorld::LocalRotation rot;
+                    rot.rot[0] = 0;
+                    rot.rot[1] = 0;
+                    rot.rot[2] = 0;
+                    ptr.getRefData().setLocalRotation(rot);
+
                     MWBase::Environment::get().getWorld()->rotateObject(ptr, 0,0,0,true);
                     MWBase::Environment::get().getWorld()->moveObject(ptr, ptr.getCellRef().getPosition().pos[0],
                             ptr.getCellRef().getPosition().pos[1], ptr.getCellRef().getPosition().pos[2]);
@@ -678,7 +681,7 @@ namespace MWScript
                     Interpreter::Type_Float movement = (runtime[0].mFloat*MWBase::Environment::get().getFrameDuration());
                     runtime.pop();
 
-                    float *objPos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+                    const float *objPos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
 
                     if (axis == "x")
                     {
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellref.hpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellref.hpp
index 4db362b1e..689671c02 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellref.hpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellref.hpp
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ namespace MWWorld
         float getScale() const;
         void setScale(float scale);
 
-        // Position and rotation of this object within the cell
+        // The *original* position and rotation as it was given in the Construction Set.
+        // Current position and rotation of the object is stored in RefData.
         ESM::Position getPosition() const;
         void setPosition (const ESM::Position& position);
 
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellstore.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellstore.cpp
index 63cdbfb1a..3e29a9cae 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellstore.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/cellstore.cpp
@@ -410,6 +410,9 @@ namespace MWWorld
             loadRefs (store, esm);
 
             mState = State_Loaded;
+
+            // TODO: the pathgrid graph only needs to be loaded for active cells, so move this somewhere else.
+            // In a simple test, loading the graph for all cells in MW + expansions took 200 ms
             mPathgridGraph.load(mCell);
         }
     }
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/class.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/class.cpp
index c13ecfab5..446519b87 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/class.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/class.cpp
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ namespace MWWorld
     Class::copyToCell(const Ptr &ptr, CellStore &cell, const ESM::Position &pos) const
     {
         Ptr newPtr = copyToCell(ptr, cell);
-        newPtr.getRefData().getPosition() = pos;
+        newPtr.getRefData().setPosition(pos);
 
         return newPtr;
     }
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/player.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/player.cpp
index 9913b888b..b88483bfe 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/player.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/player.cpp
@@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ namespace MWWorld
         cellRef.mRefID = "player";
         mPlayer = LiveCellRef<ESM::NPC>(cellRef, player);
 
-        float* playerPos = mPlayer.mData.getPosition().pos;
-        playerPos[0] = playerPos[1] = playerPos[2] = 0;
+        ESM::Position playerPos = mPlayer.mData.getPosition();
+        playerPos.pos[0] = playerPos.pos[1] = playerPos.pos[2] = 0;
+        mPlayer.mData.setPosition(playerPos);
     }
 
     void Player::set(const ESM::NPC *player)
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.cpp
index 2e267b37c..3b7521e8d 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.cpp
@@ -188,15 +188,25 @@ namespace MWWorld
         mEnabled = false;
     }
 
-    ESM::Position& RefData::getPosition()
+    void RefData::setPosition(const ESM::Position& pos)
     {
         mChanged = true;
+        mPosition = pos;
+    }
+
+    const ESM::Position& RefData::getPosition()
+    {
         return mPosition;
     }
 
-    LocalRotation& RefData::getLocalRotation()
+    void RefData::setLocalRotation(const LocalRotation& rot)
     {
         mChanged = true;
+        mLocalRotation = rot;
+    }
+
+    const LocalRotation& RefData::getLocalRotation()
+    {
         return mLocalRotation;
     }
 
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.hpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.hpp
index a8ffad684..fcd1437c9 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.hpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/refdata.hpp
@@ -100,9 +100,11 @@ namespace MWWorld
 
             void disable();
 
-            ESM::Position& getPosition();
+            void setPosition (const ESM::Position& pos);
+            const ESM::Position& getPosition();
 
-            LocalRotation& getLocalRotation();
+            void setLocalRotation (const LocalRotation& rotation);
+            const LocalRotation& getLocalRotation();
 
             void setCustomData (CustomData *data);
             ///< Set custom data (potentially replacing old custom data). The ownership of \æ data is
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.cpp
index f753ae1f4..b2faa1a01 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,30 @@
 
 namespace
 {
+    void updateObjectLocalRotation (const MWWorld::Ptr& ptr, MWWorld::PhysicsSystem& physics,
+                                    MWRender::RenderingManager& rendering)
+    {
+        if (ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode() != NULL)
+        {
+            Ogre::Quaternion worldRotQuat(Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot[2]), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Z);
+            if (!ptr.getClass().isActor())
+                worldRotQuat = Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot[0]), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_X)*
+                        Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot[1]), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Y)* worldRotQuat;
+
+            float x = ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[0];
+            float y = ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[1];
+            float z = ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[2];
+
+            Ogre::Quaternion rot(Ogre::Radian(z), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Z);
+            if (!ptr.getClass().isActor())
+                rot = Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Radian(x), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_X)*
+                Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Radian(y), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Y)*rot;
+
+            ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode()->setOrientation(worldRotQuat*rot);
+            physics.rotateObject(ptr);
+        }
+    }
+
     struct InsertFunctor
     {
         MWWorld::CellStore& mCell;
@@ -60,11 +84,7 @@ namespace
                 mRendering.addObject (ptr);
                 ptr.getClass().insertObject (ptr, mPhysics);
 
-                float ax = Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[0]).valueDegrees();
-                float ay = Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[1]).valueDegrees();
-                float az = Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[2]).valueDegrees();
-                MWBase::Environment::get().getWorld()->localRotateObject (ptr, ax, ay, az);
-
+                updateObjectLocalRotation(ptr, mPhysics, mRendering);
                 MWBase::Environment::get().getWorld()->scaleObject (ptr, ptr.getCellRef().getScale());
                 ptr.getClass().adjustPosition (ptr);
             }
@@ -85,6 +105,20 @@ namespace
 namespace MWWorld
 {
 
+    void Scene::updateObjectLocalRotation (const Ptr& ptr)
+    {
+        ::updateObjectLocalRotation(ptr, *mPhysics, mRendering);
+    }
+
+    void Scene::updateObjectRotation (const Ptr& ptr)
+    {
+        if(ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode() != 0)
+        {
+            mRendering.rotateObject(ptr);
+            mPhysics->rotateObject(ptr);
+        }
+    }
+
     void Scene::update (float duration, bool paused)
     {
         if (mNeedMapUpdate)
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.hpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.hpp
index 449644754..e0eeee187 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.hpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/scene.hpp
@@ -103,6 +103,10 @@ namespace MWWorld
             void removeObjectFromScene (const Ptr& ptr);
             ///< Remove an object from the scene, but not from the world model.
 
+            void updateObjectLocalRotation (const Ptr& ptr);
+
+            void updateObjectRotation (const Ptr& ptr);
+
             bool isCellActive(const CellStore &cell);
 
             Ptr searchPtrViaHandle (const std::string& handle);
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.cpp
index 6a18298f9..e6049c185 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.cpp
@@ -957,12 +957,14 @@ namespace MWWorld
 
     void World::moveObject(const Ptr &ptr, CellStore* newCell, float x, float y, float z)
     {
-        ESM::Position &pos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition();
+        ESM::Position pos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition();
 
         pos.pos[0] = x;
         pos.pos[1] = y;
         pos.pos[2] = z;
 
+        ptr.getRefData().setPosition(pos);
+
         Ogre::Vector3 vec(x, y, z);
 
         CellStore *currCell = ptr.isInCell() ? ptr.getCell() : NULL;
@@ -1068,7 +1070,8 @@ namespace MWWorld
         const float two_pi = Ogre::Math::TWO_PI;
         const float pi = Ogre::Math::PI;
 
-        float *objRot = ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot;
+        ESM::Position pos = ptr.getRefData().getPosition();
+        float *objRot = pos.rot;
         if(adjust)
         {
             objRot[0] += rot.x;
@@ -1105,43 +1108,33 @@ namespace MWWorld
         while(objRot[2] < -pi) objRot[2] += two_pi;
         while(objRot[2] >  pi) objRot[2] -= two_pi;
 
-        if(ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode() != 0)
-        {
-            mRendering->rotateObject(ptr);
-            mPhysics->rotateObject(ptr);
-        }
+        ptr.getRefData().setPosition(pos);
+
+        mWorldScene->updateObjectRotation(ptr);
     }
 
     void World::localRotateObject (const Ptr& ptr, float x, float y, float z)
     {
-        if (ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode() != 0) {
-
-            ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[0]=Ogre::Degree(x).valueRadians();
-            ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[1]=Ogre::Degree(y).valueRadians();
-            ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[2]=Ogre::Degree(z).valueRadians();
-
-            wrap(ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[0]);
-            wrap(ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[1]);
-            wrap(ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation().rot[2]);
+        if (ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode() != 0)
+        {
+            LocalRotation rot = ptr.getRefData().getLocalRotation();
+            rot.rot[0]=Ogre::Degree(x).valueRadians();
+            rot.rot[1]=Ogre::Degree(y).valueRadians();
+            rot.rot[2]=Ogre::Degree(z).valueRadians();
 
-            Ogre::Quaternion worldRotQuat(Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot[2]), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Z);
-            if (!ptr.getClass().isActor())
-                worldRotQuat = Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot[0]), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_X)*
-                        Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Radian(ptr.getRefData().getPosition().rot[1]), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Y)* worldRotQuat;
+            wrap(rot.rot[0]);
+            wrap(rot.rot[1]);
+            wrap(rot.rot[2]);
 
-            Ogre::Quaternion rot(Ogre::Degree(z), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Z);
-            if (!ptr.getClass().isActor())
-                rot = Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Degree(x), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_X)*
-                Ogre::Quaternion(Ogre::Degree(y), Ogre::Vector3::NEGATIVE_UNIT_Y)*rot;
+            ptr.getRefData().setLocalRotation(rot);
 
-            ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode()->setOrientation(worldRotQuat*rot);
-            mPhysics->rotateObject(ptr);
+            mWorldScene->updateObjectLocalRotation(ptr);
         }
     }
 
     void World::adjustPosition(const Ptr &ptr)
     {
-        Ogre::Vector3 pos (ptr.getRefData().getPosition().pos);
+        ESM::Position pos (ptr.getRefData().getPosition());
 
         if(!ptr.getRefData().getBaseNode())
         {
@@ -1149,21 +1142,23 @@ namespace MWWorld
             return;
         }
 
-        float terrainHeight = mRendering->getTerrainHeightAt(pos);
+        float terrainHeight = mRendering->getTerrainHeightAt(Ogre::Vector3(pos.pos));
+
+        if (pos.pos[2] < terrainHeight)
+            pos.pos[2] = terrainHeight;
 
-        if (pos.z < terrainHeight)
-            pos.z = terrainHeight;
+        pos.pos[2] += 20; // place slightly above. will snap down to ground with code below
 
-        ptr.getRefData().getPosition().pos[2] = pos.z + 20; // place slightly above. will snap down to ground with code below
+        ptr.getRefData().setPosition(pos);
 
         if (!isFlying(ptr))
         {
             Ogre::Vector3 traced = mPhysics->traceDown(ptr);
-            if (traced.z < pos.z)
-                pos.z = traced.z;
+            if (traced.z < pos.pos[2])
+                pos.pos[2] = traced.z;
         }
 
-        moveObject(ptr, ptr.getCell(), pos.x, pos.y, pos.z);
+        moveObject(ptr, ptr.getCell(), pos.pos[0], pos.pos[1], pos.pos[2]);
     }
 
     void World::rotateObject (const Ptr& ptr,float x,float y,float z, bool adjust)
@@ -1429,7 +1424,7 @@ namespace MWWorld
             // cast a ray from player to sun to detect if the sun is visible
             // this is temporary until we find a better place to put this code
             // currently its here because we need to access the physics system
-            float* p = mPlayer->getPlayer().getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+            const float* p = mPlayer->getPlayer().getRefData().getPosition().pos;
             Vector3 sun = mRendering->getSkyManager()->getRealSunPos();
             mRendering->getSkyManager()->setGlare(!mPhysics->castRay(Ogre::Vector3(p[0], p[1], p[2]), sun));
         }
@@ -1683,10 +1678,11 @@ namespace MWWorld
             object.getClass().copyToCell(object, *cell, pos);
 
         // Reset some position values that could be uninitialized if this item came from a container
-        LocalRotation& localRotation = dropped.getRefData().getLocalRotation();
+        LocalRotation localRotation;
         localRotation.rot[0] = 0;
         localRotation.rot[1] = 0;
         localRotation.rot[2] = 0;
+        dropped.getRefData().setLocalRotation(localRotation);
         dropped.getCellRef().setPosition(pos);
 
         if (mWorldScene->isCellActive(*cell)) {
@@ -1785,7 +1781,7 @@ namespace MWWorld
 
     bool World::isSubmerged(const MWWorld::Ptr &object) const
     {
-        float *fpos = object.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+        const float *fpos = object.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
         Ogre::Vector3 pos(fpos[0], fpos[1], fpos[2]);
 
         const OEngine::Physic::PhysicActor *actor = mPhysEngine->getCharacter(object.getRefData().getHandle());
@@ -1798,7 +1794,7 @@ namespace MWWorld
     World::isSwimming(const MWWorld::Ptr &object) const
     {
         /// \todo add check ifActor() - only actors can swim
-        float *fpos = object.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+        const float *fpos = object.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
         Ogre::Vector3 pos(fpos[0], fpos[1], fpos[2]);
 
         /// \fixme 3/4ths submerged?
@@ -2031,9 +2027,9 @@ namespace MWWorld
         if (!targetNpc.getRefData().isEnabled() || !npc.getRefData().isEnabled())
             return false; // cannot get LOS unless both NPC's are enabled
         Ogre::Vector3 halfExt1 = mPhysEngine->getCharacter(npc.getRefData().getHandle())->getHalfExtents();
-        float* pos1 = npc.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+        const float* pos1 = npc.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
         Ogre::Vector3 halfExt2 = mPhysEngine->getCharacter(targetNpc.getRefData().getHandle())->getHalfExtents();
-        float* pos2 = targetNpc.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
+        const float* pos2 = targetNpc.getRefData().getPosition().pos;
 
         btVector3 from(pos1[0],pos1[1],pos1[2]+halfExt1.z);
         btVector3 to(pos2[0],pos2[1],pos2[2]+halfExt2.z);
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.hpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.hpp
index 5b493efcc..8307d53a4 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.hpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/worldimp.hpp
@@ -336,10 +336,11 @@ namespace MWWorld
 
             virtual void scaleObject (const Ptr& ptr, float scale);
 
-            /// Rotates object, uses degrees
+            /// World rotates object, uses degrees
             /// \param adjust indicates rotation should be set or adjusted
             virtual void rotateObject (const Ptr& ptr,float x,float y,float z, bool adjust = false);
 
+            /// Local rotates object, uses degrees
             virtual void localRotateObject (const Ptr& ptr, float x, float y, float z);
 
             virtual MWWorld::Ptr safePlaceObject(const MWWorld::Ptr& ptr, MWWorld::CellStore* cell, ESM::Position pos);